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Honore de Balzac

Honore de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright lived from 20 May 1799 to 18 August 1850. His magnum opus was a sequence of almost 100 novels and plays collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the fall of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1815.

Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous authors, including the novelists Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Marie Corelli, Henry James, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films, and they continue to inspire other writers.

An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting himself to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life, and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed as a legal clerk, but he turned his back on law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician. He failed in all of these efforts. La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, he married Ewelina Hańska, his longtime love; he died five months later.

Works

Tragic verse

• Cromwell (1819)

Incomplete at time of death

• Le Corsaire (opera)
• Sténie
• Falthurne
• Corsino

Published pseudonymously

As "Lord R'Hoone", in collaboration

• L'Héritière de Birague (1822)
• Jean-Louis (1822)

As "Horace de Saint-Aubin"

• Clotilde de Lusignan (1822)
• Le Centenaire (1822)
• Le Vicaire des Ardennes (1822)
• La Dernière Fée (1823)
• Annette et le Criminal (Argon le Pirate) (1824)
• Wann-Chlore (1826)

Published anonymously

• Du Droit d'aînesse (1824)
• Histoire impartiale des Jésuites (1824)
• Code des gens honnêtes (1826)

Selected titles from La Comédie humaine

• Les Chouans (1829)
• Sarrasine (1830)
• La Peau de chagrin (1830)
• Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu (1831)
• Le Colonel Chabert (1832)
• The Curate of Tours (1832)
• La Fille aux yeux d'or (1833)
• Eugénie Grandet (1833)
• Le Contrat de mariage (1835)
• Le Père Goriot (1835)
• Le Lys dans la vallée (1835)
• La Rabouilleuse (1842)
• Illusions perdues (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843)
• La Cousine Bette (1846)
• Le Cousin Pons (1847)
• Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (1847)

Plays

• L'École des ménages (1839)
• Vautrin (1839)
• Les Ressources de Quinola (1842)
• Paméla Figaud (1842)
• La Marâtre (1848)
• Mercadet ou le faiseur (1848)

Tales

• Contes drolatiques (1832–37)