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The Garden of Forking Paths
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"The Garden of Forking Paths"
(Spanish: "El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan")
is a short story by Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges.
It was first published as the title story in the
collection El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (The
Garden of Forking Paths) in 1941; that collection was republished
in its entirety in the 1944 collection Ficciones ("Fictions").
For a list of the contents of El Jardín de senderos que
se bifurcan, see Ficciones.
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The story takes the form of a signed statement by an
English professor named Dr. Yu Tsun who is living in the United Kingdom
during World War I. Tsun is a double agent, however, a spy for the
Germans, as he discloses in the first paragraph of his statement.
As the story begins, Tsun realizes that the British officer pursuing
him, Captain Richard Madden, is in the apartment of his fellow spy
Viktor Runeberg and has presumably either captured or killed him.
Tsun surmises that his own arrest is next. He has discovered the location
of a new British artillery park and wishes to convey that knowledge
to his German masters before he is captured, and hits upon a desperate
plan in order to achieve this.
In passing, Tsun states that his spying was not for
the sake of Germany, which he considers "a barbaric nation".
Rather, he says, he did it because he wanted to prove to his German
commander that an Asian man was intelligent enough to obtain for them
the information they needed.
Taking his few possessions, Tsun boards a train to the
village of Ashgrove, narrowly avoiding the pursuing Capt. Madden at
the train station, and goes to the house of his close friend Dr. Stephen
Albert. As he walks up the road to Albert's house, Tsun reflects on
his great ancestor, Ts'ui Pen. As he explains, Ts'ui Pen, a learned
and famous man, renounced his job as governor of a province in order
to undertake two tasks: to write a vast and intricate novel, and to
construct an equally vast and intricate labyrinth, one "in which
all men would lose their way". Ts'ui Pen was murdered before
completing his novel, however, and what he did write was a "contradictory
jumble of irresolute drafts" that made no sense to subsequent
reviewers; nor was the labyrinth ever found. Tsun describes his own
experience of reading the unfinished novel: in the third chapter the
hero dies, for example, yet in the fourth he is alive again.
He is interrupted in his musings when he arrives at
the house of Dr. Albert, who himself has evidently been pondering
the same topic. Albert explains excitedly that at one stroke he has
solved both mysteries – the chaotic and jumbled nature of Ts'ui
Pen's unfinished book, and the mystery of his lost labyrinth. Albert's
solution is that they are one and the same: the book is the labyrinth.
Basing his work on the strange legend that Ts'ui Pen
had intended to construct an infinite labyrinth, as well as a cryptic
letter from Ts'ui Pen himself stating "I leave to several futures
(not to all) my garden of forking paths", Albert realized that
the "garden of forking paths" was the novel, and the forking
took place in time, not in space. As compared to most fictions, where
the character chooses one alternative at each decision point and thereby
eliminates all the others, Ts'ui Pen's novel attempted to describe
a world where all possible outcomes of an event occur simultaneously,
each one itself leading to further proliferations of possibilities.
(This idea is remarkably similar to the many-worlds interpretation
of quantum mechanics, which was not proposed until over a decade after
the writing of this story.) Albert further explains that these constantly
diverging paths do sometimes converge again, though as the result
of a different chain of causes; for example, he says, in one possible
past Dr. Tsun has come to his house as an enemy, in another as a friend.
Though trembling with gratitude at Albert's revelation
and in awe of his ancestor's literary genius, Tsun glances up the
path to see Capt. Madden approaching the house. He asks Albert to
see Ts'ui Pen's letter again; Albert turns to retrieve it, and Tsun
shoots him in the back, killing him instantly.
Although Tsun is arrested and sentenced to death,
he claims to have "most abhorrently triumphed", as he has
successfully communicated to the Germans the name of the city they
were to attack, and indeed that city is bombed as Tsun goes on trial.
The name of that city was Albert, and Tsun realized that the only
way to convey that information was to kill a person of that name,
so that the news of the murder would appear in British newspapers
associated with his name.
