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Autobiography
Autobiography (from the Greek auton,
'self', bios, 'life' and graphein, 'write') is biography, the writing
of a life story, from the viewpoint of the subject. The term "autobiography"
dates from the late eighteenth century, but the form is much older.
Biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents
and viewpoints; an autobiography may be based entirely on the writer's
memory. A name for such a work in Antiquity was an apologia, essentially
more self-justification than introspection. John Henry Newman's autobiography
is his Apologia pro vita sua. Augustine applied the title Confessions
to his autobiographical work (and Jean-Jacques Rousseau took up the
same title). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, the first secular
biography published in the United States, served as a model for subsequent
American autobiographies.
A memoir is slightly different from an autobiography.
Where an autobiography focuses on the "life and times" of
the character, a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on his
or her own memories, feelings and emotions. The pagan rhetor Libanius
framed his life memoir as one of his orations, not the public kind,
but the literary kind that would be read aloud in the privacy of one's
study.
Modern memoirs are often based on old diaries, letters,
and photographs.
Until the last 20 years or so, few people without some
degree of fame tried to write and publish a memoir. But with the critical
and commercial success of such memoirs as "Angela's Ashes"
and "The Color of Water," more and more people have been
encouraged to try their hand at this genre.
Paul Delaney has coined the term "ad hoc autobiography"
to describe an autobiography motivated by the desire to exploit some
temporary notoriety. Such autobiographies, often written by a ghostwriter,
are routinely published on the lives of professional athletes and
media celebrities - and to a lesser extent about politicians. Some
celebrities admit to not having read their "autobiographies."
